2021 State of Stock Options Report
Welcome to Secfi’s second annual study of startup equity. As the leading advocate for equity in the startup community, we’ve been helping startup employees with the expertise, planning, and cash to own their stock options since 2017.
2021 set a new record for public exits, with more than 844 U.S. companies going public, either by initial public offering (IPO), a direct listing, or through a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). That’s 105 percent higher than 2020, which saw 410 similar companies go public.1
The 20 largest U.S. IPOs generated an estimated $41 billion in pre-tax value for employees who held stock options in those companies.
Record public exit activity is good news for founders and investors — but what about the employees who were granted stock options in those companies?
We dove into our proprietary data, and took a unique look at publicly available data filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, to uncover defining trends for employees from late-stage unicorns in 2021.
Here's what we found:
- In 2021, startup employees paid an estimated $11 billion in avoidable taxes by exercising their stock options post-exit, rather than pre-exit.
- On average, Secfi clients paid $543,254 in 2021 to exercise their pre-exit stock options (roughly double their annual household income), with taxes accounting for 73 percent of the cost.
- Employees at companies that went public in 2021 saved nearly $415,000, on average, by exercising before an IPO.
- Pre-exit stock option exercise rates vary widely from company to company, from as little as 2.4 percent on the low end, to more than 77 percent on the high end, which could represent an indication of employee confidence in their company.
$11 billion in unnecessary taxes paid in 2021
In 2021, employees working at U.S.-based, VC-backed startups that went public paid an estimated $11 billion in extra taxes because they waited to exercise their stock options post-exit.2
Employees could have paid less in taxes by exercising their stock options before their company went public. Doing so could have also maximized their gains when selling their shares. In 2021, high stock option exercise costs remained a major barrier to people exercising their stock options early.
The cost to exercise stock options in 2021
In 2021, it cost the average Secfi client $543,254 to exercise their stock options — roughly twice their average annual household income of $270,000.3
High exercise costs continue to represent a major pain point for startup employees. It’s the main reason why many employees are either forced to forfeit stock options when leaving a company or to exercise their stock options after their company goes public, in a transaction known as a cashless exercise.
Cashless exercises carry the highest possible tax rate, and result in startup employees collectively paying billions of dollars in short-term capital gains taxes that they would have otherwise avoided if they had instead exercised their stock options while their companies were still private.
Taxes make up 73% of the total stock option exercise cost
In 2021, taxes made up nearly three-quarters of the total cost to exercise stock options for Secfi clients.
Stock options are one of life’s biggest financial decisions
For most people, exercising stock options can be one of the biggest financial decisions they ever make:
Americans typically finance major life expenses, such as buying a car, paying for college tuition, and buying a house. Similar financing programs for startup stock options still don’t exist for the majority of American employees, who have to find other ways to pay for their stock options.5
Average tax savings by exercising pre-exit: $414,890
In 2021, hundreds of startup employees used Secfi’s proprietary tools and calculators to better understand their equity.
Based on this group (which includes people who received financing from us as well as those who didn’t) people who were able to exercise pre-exit and take advantage of long-term capital gains were able to save an average of nearly $415,000 over people who performed cashless exercises post-exit, paying short-term capital gains.
Taking a look at the wider market, employees who exercised their stock options before an exit in 2021 managed to save an estimated $2.4 billion in taxes by taking advantage of long-term capital gains when selling.6
The cost to exercise can grow 3,360% between seed and Series C
On average, an employee’s cost to exercise stock options rises considerably as their startup raises new rounds of funding — assuming that each round increases the company’s valuation. Here’s the hypothetical cost to exercise $10,000 worth of pre-seed stage incentive stock options over time, based on industry average valuation growth in 2021:7
Pre-exit stock option exercise rates by company in 2021
Every stock option that’s exercised pre-exit represents an employee’s vote of confidence in their company. At some companies, employees exercised more than 75 percent of their vested stock options pre-exit. At others, as few as 2 percent exercised their stock options before their company exited publicly.8
Employees take on personal financial risk when they decide to exercise their stock options — they could lose their money if their company never exits, or they could fail to experience a positive return following a flat exit. For employees hesitant about their company’s prospects, it can feel safer to wait to exercise their stock options until after the exit, once retail investors have decided how to value their company’s shares.
In other cases, companies might fail to educate their employees on the value of exercising their stock options before an exit. Additionally, the current investment environment favors large pre-exit valuations, which can make exercising stock options cost-prohibitive for employees who join a unicorn company that’s nearing a public exit.
Pre-exit stock option forfeiture rates in 2021
As their companies stood on the cusp of going public, a number of startup employees at top companies decided to voluntarily abandon their stock options — by either leaving the company and forfeiting their unvested stock options, or otherwise deciding not to exercise their vested stock options.
This is a different way of measuring votes of confidence in a company — employees may be more willing to walk away from their stock options if they believe they can earn better stock options elsewhere.9
High forfeiture rates can also indicate a high employee turnover rate pre-exit or a lack of employer education about stock options.
In conclusion
2021 saw a record number of U.S. public exits, which collectively generated tens of billions of dollars in wealth for startup employees who earned stock options through those companies.
But the relatively high cost of exercising stock options meant that most of the employees working at companies that experienced a public exit in 2021 weren’t able to exercise their stock options until after the exit, resulting in billions of dollars in avoidable taxes.
Looking ahead to 2022, it seems that the industry’s current trend toward mega-sized rounds of funding and longer exit timelines mean that for the average startup employee, their total cost to exercise stock options will continue to rise.
If true, taxes will again represent a major financial barrier to employees owning their stock options pre-exit. Early analysis suggests that pre-exit stock option exercise rates, and forfeiture rates, could be an overlooked indicator for the performance of a company’s share price upon public exit. This is an area worth further research.
Want to explore your stock options? Check out Secfi’s Stock Option Tax Calculator.
This report originally appeared in TechCrunch on Jan. 20, 2022.
About Secfi
Secfi is trusted by thousands of startup employees for equity planning and financing. We’re the first to provide a proprietary suite of equity planning tools, 1:1 guidance with licensed equity strategists, and a set of financing products that enable employees to own a stake in the company they helped build. We also provide company-wide education for startups at all stages to help their team make the best decision for their own situation. Currently, we have worked with employees from more than 80% of all U.S. unicorns. For more information, please visit www.secfi.com.
1. Pitchbook IPO analysis, as of Oct. 26, 2021 (includes IPOs, SPACs and direct listings)
2. Secfi estimate of 172 U.S.-based, VC-backed public exits, as of Nov. 17, 2021. For companies where Secfi does not have relevant data, industry averages are used.
3. Clients that have financed stock options with Secfi, as of Nov. 17, 2021. Salary estimates based on the average household income of Secfi clients in 2021.
4. Secfi estimate, based on the average Secfi customer in 2021, working at late-stage unicorns in California (56%), New York (14%), and Washington state (4%).
5. Cars (Statista, 2021), Education based on costs of a private 4-year degree (educationdata.org), Retirement savings based on college grad (Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies,19th annual Transamerica Retirement Survey), Median home sale price (U.S. Federal Reserve, Q3 2021), Stock options (Secfi, 2021), Children (USDA, Expenditures on Children by Families, 2015),
6. Estimated tax calculation based on a representative sample of 685 requests for financing received on Secfi’s platform in 2021. Calculations made using individual calculations of startup employee salary and exercise costs, and then averaged in aggregate. The calculation assumes an exit value based on the startup’s public exit closing price on day 1, and assumes that employees sell all of their shares upon public exit.
7. Estimated exercise costs assume an employee was granted $10,000 worth of stock options in a pre-seed startup that grew in valuation over time, based on industry average valuation growth.
8. S-1 data from 20 of the largest 2021 IPOs by market cap (Freshworks, LegalZoom, Agilon, Warby Parker, UiPath, SentinelOne, Procore, Marqueta, TuSimple, Compass, Bright Health Group, Robinhood, GitLab, Affirm, Applovin, Toast, Oscar Health, Roblox, Confluent, and Coinbase)
9. S-1 filings from Coinbase, Applovin, Affirm, TuSimple, and Compass